Author: STARTINFORUM

Which Countries Should be Targeted by Export from Turkey?

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Turkey’s export strategy is multifaceted, targeting both established markets and emerging economies. To identify which countries should be targeted, it’s essential to consider several factors:

I. Top Existing Export Markets (Maintain and Grow)

These are countries where Turkey already has a strong foothold and significant trade volume. Continued focus on these markets is crucial for stable export growth.

  • Germany: Consistently Turkey’s largest export market, particularly for automotive products, machinery, electronics, and textiles. Strong established supply chains and a large Turkish diaspora contribute to this.
  • United States: A major market for Turkish automotive, textile, electronic products, and defense industry goods. Its large market size offers continuous growth potential.
  • United Kingdom: Strong trade relations, especially post-Brexit, for Turkish textiles, automotive, and electronic devices.
  • Iraq: A significant market in the Middle East, primarily for construction materials, textiles, and food. Strategic importance for opening up the broader Middle Eastern market.
  • Italy: Another strong European partner for automotive, machinery, chemical, and food products.

II. Countries with High Growth Potential and Strategic Importance

These are markets where Turkey is actively seeking to expand its presence due to their economic growth, strategic location, or increasing demand for Turkish products.

  • Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan):
    • Reasoning: Deep historical and cultural ties, growing economies, significant infrastructure development, and increasing consumer demand. Turkey has preferential trade agreements and targets to significantly increase trade volumes with these countries (e.g., $5 billion with Uzbekistan, $10 billion with Kazakhstan).
    • Key Products: Machinery and equipment, construction materials, textiles, electrical equipment, food products, and pharmaceuticals.
  • Africa (Egypt, Morocco, Libya, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Ghana, Senegal):
    • Reasoning: Turkey has a “win-win” strategy to strengthen political, cultural, and economic relations with African countries through mutual investments. Rapidly growing economies, increasing demand for consumer goods, infrastructure development, and a strong focus on defense industry exports.
    • Key Products: Machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, mineral fuels, iron and steel, textiles, electronics, home appliances, construction materials, and defense industry products (UCAVs, armored vehicles).
  • Gulf Countries (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait):
    • Reasoning: High purchasing power, diversification efforts away from oil, and increasing demand for consumer goods, construction materials, and specialized industrial products. Turkey is also focusing on e-export potential to these countries.
    • Key Products: Precious metals (gold), machinery, construction materials, food products, and potentially high-tech goods.
  • Russia: Despite geopolitical complexities, Russia remains a significant trade partner for Turkey, especially for agricultural products and machinery. There’s potential for further growth in various sectors.
  • China: While China is a major import source for Turkey, there’s growing potential for Turkish exports to China, particularly in areas where Turkey has a competitive advantage, such as certain agricultural products, and potentially in services.
  • Emerging Asian Markets (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan):
    • Reasoning: Promising markets for Turkish manufacturers, with “smooth, friendly, problem-free political relations.” These countries need hardware and have a growing middle class.
    • Key Products: Defense and aerospace industries, naval vessels, patrol boats, smart ammunition, drones, armored vehicles, and potentially construction materials.
  • Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile: Growing economies in Latin America offer long-term export potential for Turkish goods, especially as Turkey diversifies its export base.
  • Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines): Growing consumer markets and developing industrial bases.

III. Sectors with Strong Turkish Export Competitiveness

When targeting countries, it’s also vital to consider what Turkey excels at producing and exporting:

  • Automobiles and Automotive Parts: Turkey is a major production hub for global automotive brands.
  • Machinery and Equipment: Including industrial equipment, construction machinery, and agricultural machinery.
  • Textiles and Apparel: High-quality, fast-fashion, and sustainable options.
  • Precious Metals (Gold): Turkey is a key trading hub.
  • Electrical Machinery and Electronics: Home appliances, telecommunications equipment, and consumer electronics.
  • Steel and Iron: Construction steel, rebar, and billets.
  • Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products:
  • Agricultural and Food Processing Products: Fresh vegetables, nuts, dried fruits, olive oil, spices, wheat flours, and citrus fruits.
  • Wood and Furniture Products: Growing production capacity and design.
  • Defense and Aerospace: Drones, armored vehicles, and naval vessels.

Overall Strategy

Turkey’s export strategy involves:

  1. Consolidating relations with established partners (EU, USA, UK).
  2. Aggressively pursuing opportunities in high-growth emerging markets (Central Asia, Africa, Gulf, parts of Asia and Latin America).
  3. Diversifying export products to higher value-added goods and services.
  4. Leveraging trade agreements (like the PTA with Uzbekistan) to enhance competitiveness.
  5. Focusing on e-exports, which are seeing significant growth.
  6. Participating in international fairs and trade delegations to foster new connections.

In summary, Turkey should continue to strengthen its trade ties with its traditional European and North American partners while strategically expanding its presence in the rapidly developing economies of Central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, focusing on its strong manufacturing and agricultural sectors.

What is the Best Offer of Import from Turkey to Uzbekistan?

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Uzbekistan is a key strategic partner for Turkey in Central Asia, and there’s significant potential for increasing imports from Turkey across a wide range of sectors. The “best offer” for import from Turkey to Uzbekistan isn’t a single product, but rather a combination of factors driven by Uzbekistan’s economic development, consumer demand, and existing trade patterns.

Here’s a breakdown of the best import offers from Turkey to Uzbekistan, considering current trends and future potential:

1. Machinery and Equipment (Industrial and Agricultural)

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: This is consistently the largest and most valuable import category for Uzbekistan from Turkey. Uzbekistan is undergoing significant industrialization and infrastructure development, which drives high demand for machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers, and electrical equipment. This includes equipment for manufacturing, power generation, and various industries.

  • Specific opportunities:
    • Construction Machinery: As infrastructure projects (roads, housing, industrial zones) continue, demand for Turkish construction machinery remains strong.
    • Textile Machinery: Uzbekistan is a major cotton producer and aims to increase its textile processing capabilities.2 Turkish textile machinery, known for its quality and efficiency, is highly sought after.
    • Agricultural Machinery: Modernizing the agricultural sector is a priority for Uzbekistan, creating demand for irrigation systems, tractors, and other farm equipment.
    • Food Processing Machinery: As Uzbekistan seeks to add value to its agricultural output, Turkish food processing and packaging machinery is in high demand.

2. Finished Textile Products and Apparel

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: Turkish textiles and apparel are highly regarded in Uzbekistan for their quality, design, and competitive pricing. Despite Uzbekistan’s own textile industry, there’s strong consumer demand for Turkish fashion, home textiles, and ready-to-wear clothing.
  • Specific opportunities:
    • Ready-to-Wear (RTW) Clothing: Dresses, suits, casual wear, and sportswear for men, women, and children.
    • Home Textiles: Bedding, towels, curtains, carpets, and other textile floor coverings.
    • Hosiery: Socks, stockings, and other knitted apparel.
    • Specialized Fabrics: Materials for specific industrial or fashion needs.

3. Plastics and Plastic Products

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: Uzbekistan’s growing manufacturing sector and increasing consumer goods production lead to high demand for various plastic raw materials and finished plastic products.
  • Specific opportunities:
    • Plastic Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings: For construction, irrigation, and industrial applications.
    • Packaging Materials: For food, beverages, and other consumer goods.
    • Plastic Housewares and Consumer Goods

4. Building Materials and Related Products

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: Uzbekistan’s ongoing construction boom (residential, commercial, and industrial) creates continuous demand for a wide array of building materials.4
  • Specific opportunities:
    • Iron and Steel Articles: Reinforcement bars, structural components, and various fabricated metal products.
    • Ceramic Products: Tiles, sanitary ware.
    • Glass and Glassware: For windows, facades, and interior applications.
    • Cement, Plaster, Stone: Basic construction materials.
    • Furniture, Lighting, Prefabricated Buildings: For new constructions and interior outfitting.

5. Pharmaceutical Products

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: Uzbekistan is investing in its healthcare sector and has a constant need for a diverse range of pharmaceutical products. Turkey is a significant exporter of medicines and medical supplies.

  • Specific opportunities:
    • Packaged Medicaments: Various types of finished pharmaceutical products.7
    • Medical Devices and Consumables

6. Food Products

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: While Uzbekistan has a strong agricultural base, there’s demand for certain Turkish food products, especially processed foods and specific fresh produce not readily available or competitive locally.
  • Specific opportunities:
    • Citrus Fruits: Oranges, mandarins, lemons.
    • Processed Foods: Confectionery, canned goods, dried fruits, nuts, and some dairy products.
    • Animal Feed Additives: As seen in recent import data, specialized feed additives are imported.

Factors Enhancing the “Best Offer” Status

  • Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA): The PTA between Turkey and Uzbekistan, which entered into force in February 2023, significantly reduces or eliminates tariffs on specific goods for both sides.8 This makes Turkish products more competitive in the Uzbek market.
  • Strong Bilateral Ties: Both countries have a shared commitment to increasing trade volume, with a target of reaching $5 billion.9 This political will creates a supportive environment for business.
  • Logistics and Connectivity: Improved transportation links, including road and rail routes through the Caspian Sea, facilitate smoother trade flows.10
  • Turkish Investment in Uzbekistan: The presence of nearly 1,900 Turkish companies and significant investments in Uzbekistan (totaling $5.6 billion) creates a natural demand for Turkish-made goods and services within their projects.11

To identify the absolute “best offer” for a specific business, it’s crucial to conduct detailed market research, analyze current demand, understand local regulations, and consider logistics and competition.

However, the categories listed above represent the most promising areas for Turkish exporters looking to enter or expand in the Uzbek market.

For more information about international markets, export tendencies and recommendations, deep analysis of trading opportunities, please feel free to contact us.

Potential of Turkmenistan for Imports from Turkey

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Turkmenistan presents a significant and growing potential for imports from Turkey, driven by several factors:

Strong Existing Trade Relationship

  • Major Import Partner: Turkey is already a leading import origin for Turkmenistan, consistently ranking among its top partners (e.g., 33.3% in 2023, and 28.2% in 2021). This indicates established trade channels and a preference for Turkish goods.
  • Growing Trade Volume: In March 2025, Turkey’s exports to Turkmenistan increased by 35.6% year-on-year, reaching $89.6 million. This positive growth trend signifies increasing demand and opportunities.
  • Bilateral Targets: Both countries aim to significantly increase their bilateral trade turnover, with Turkey targeting $5 billion, more than doubling the $2.2 billion reached in 2024. This shared ambition creates a favorable environment for import growth.

Turkmenistan’s Economic Context and Import Needs

  • Government-led Investment: Turkmenistan’s economy is experiencing solid growth (projected 6.3% in 2024 and 2025), largely driven by government-led investment in modernizing and developing social and industrial infrastructure. This creates demand for a wide range of goods and equipment.
  • Diversification Efforts: While heavily reliant on natural gas exports, Turkmenistan is making efforts to diversify its economy, including investments in agriculture and textile industries. This opens doors for imports related to these sectors.
  • Infrastructure Development: Significant infrastructure improvements, particularly in transportation, have doubled cargo and passenger transport in the first half of 2024. This suggests a continued need for construction materials, machinery, and related equipment.
  • “Single Window” for Trade: The launch of a “single digital window” for export-import operations in July 2024 aims to streamline procedures and boost foreign trade, making it easier for Turkish businesses to export.

Key Product Categories with High Potential for Turkish Exports

Based on current trade data and Turkmenistan’s development priorities, the most promising categories for Turkish imports are:

  • Machinery, Nuclear Reactors, and Boilers: Consistently the top export from Turkey to Turkmenistan, this category reflects Turkmenistan’s ongoing industrial development and infrastructure projects.
  • Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Essential for modernizing infrastructure and industries.
  • Articles of Iron or Steel & Iron Structures: Crucial for construction and heavy industry projects.
  • Plastics and Plastic Products: Used in various industries, packaging, and consumer goods.
  • Furniture, Lighting, and Prefabricated Buildings: Driven by construction and urban development.
  • Vehicles and Parts: As Turkmenistan’s economy grows, so does the demand for transportation.
  • Miscellaneous Chemical Products: Wide application across industries.
  • Textiles and Apparel: While Turkmenistan has its own textile industry, there’s still demand for various finished textile products and potentially specialized fabrics.
  • Pharmaceutical Products: A constant need for medical supplies.
  • Food Products: Turkmenistan imports a variety of food items, presenting opportunities for Turkish agricultural and processed food exporters. This includes fruits, vegetables, and processed foods.
  • Soaps, Lubricants, and Waxes: Everyday consumer and industrial goods.
  • Building Materials (e.g., Stone, Plaster, Cement): As construction continues, demand for these materials remains strong.

Challenges and Considerations

  • State-Controlled Economy: Turkmenistan’s economy is highly state-controlled, with limited private sector development. This means that government procurement and large-scale projects often drive import decisions.
  • Non-Tariff Barriers: While tariffs are relatively low, non-tariff barriers can still hinder trade. Understanding and navigating these regulations is crucial.
  • Currency Convertibility: The significant gap between official and parallel exchange rates can pose challenges for foreign exchange access for businesses.
  • Competition: Turkey faces competition from other major import partners like China, Russia, and Germany.

Conclusion

The potential for imports from Turkey to Turkmenistan is substantial and growing. Turkey’s expertise in manufacturing, construction, and a wide range of consumer goods aligns well with Turkmenistan’s development priorities and import needs. Businesses looking to expand into Turkmenistan should focus on sectors related to infrastructure, industrial modernization, and consumer goods, while also being aware of the nuances of doing business in a state-controlled economy. The ongoing efforts to streamline trade procedures and the strong bilateral commitment to increasing trade further enhance this potential.

Import-Export Between Turkey and Kazakhstan

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Turkey and Kazakhstan share deep historical and cultural ties, which have fostered strong economic relations, particularly in trade.

Both countries are key partners and have been working to significantly increase their bilateral trade volume, with a target of reaching $10 billion.

Overall Trade Dynamics

  • In 2022, the trade volume between Turkey and Kazakhstan reached a record of $6.3 billion.
  • Kazakhstan is a significant import partner for Turkey, while Turkey’s exports to Central Asia, including Kazakhstan, have seen substantial growth.
  • Turkey generally has a positive trade balance with Central Asia, though historically it has a negative trade balance specifically with Kazakhstan.
  • Trade agreements, such as the currency swap agreement signed in April 2025, aim to simplify mutual settlements, reduce currency risks, and boost trade.
  • There are numerous bilateral agreements covering various sectors such as transportation, machinery, chemicals, energy, and mining.

Main Export Products from Turkey to Kazakhstan

Turkey’s exports to Kazakhstan are diverse and include both industrial and light industry goods, as well as food products.

Key categories include:

  • Machinery and Equipment: This is a significant export category, including nuclear reactors and boilers.
  • Vehicles and Parts: Cars and vehicle bodies are notable exports.
  • Textiles and Apparel: This includes knitted and non-knitted clothing (e.g., jerseys, pullovers, suits), as well as bedding, carpets, and other textile floor coverings.
  • Electrical and Electronic Equipment
  • Plastics and Plastic Products
  • Iron and Steel Articles
  • Mineral Fuels and Oils
  • Pharmaceutical Products
  • Food Products: Such as sunflower seeds and citrus fruits (oranges, mandarins, lemons).
  • Furniture, Lighting, and Prefabricated Buildings
  • Soaps, Lubricants, and Waxes

Main Import Products by Turkey from Kazakhstan

Turkey primarily imports raw materials and commodities from Kazakhstan, leveraging Kazakhstan’s rich natural resources.

The main imports include:

  • Mineral Fuels and Oils: Crude petroleum and other distillation products are the most significant imports. Kazakhstan’s economy is heavily reliant on oil and gas exports.
  • Metals: This includes:
    • Copper (refined copper, copper ores and concentrates)
    • Aluminum
    • Iron and Steel
    • Zinc
    • Lead
    • Precious stones and metals (including gold)
  • Ores, Slag, and Ash
  • Inorganic Chemicals
  • Agricultural Products: Cereals (like wheat) and legumes (peas, lentils), as well as edible vegetables and certain roots and tubers.
  • Cotton

In essence, Turkey exports a range of manufactured goods and some agricultural products to Kazakhstan, while importing primarily raw materials and energy resources from Kazakhstan.

This complementary trade structure is a basis for their ongoing economic cooperation.

To learn more about import-export opportunities with Turkey as well as develop trading partnerships, please feel free to contact us.

Business Needs in Turkey

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Turkey, strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, presents a dynamic and evolving business landscape.

Driven by a young and educated workforce, government incentives, and ongoing infrastructure development, several key sectors are demonstrating significant potential for growth and investment.

Business Needs and Opportunities in Turkey

Here are some of the current business needs and opportunities in Turkey:

I. High-Growth and Emerging Sectors

Renewable Energy

Turkey has ambitious targets for increasing its share of electricity from renewable sources (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric).

This commitment, coupled with its favorable geography, creates significant opportunities in:

    * Infrastructure development for renewable energy projects.

    * Manufacturing of renewable energy equipment (solar panels, wind turbines).

    * Related services and technologies in the green energy sector.

Technology and Software Development

Turkey’s IT sector is thriving, Fuelled by a digitally fluent population and a surge in tech entrepreneurship. Key areas of demand include:

    * Cybersecurity: With increasing digitalization, there’s a strong need for experts in threat detection and response, encryption, network security, and vulnerability management.

    * Fintech: Development of financial technologies and digital payment solutions.

    * E-commerce and Digital Retail: Continued growth in online retail platforms and digital services.

    * Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation: Investment in AI engineers, data scientists, and automation specialists as Turkey aims to integrate AI into its economy.

    * Cloud Computing and Data Science: Demand for professionals and solutions in cloud-based operations.

    * Blockchain Technology: Growing interest and investment in blockchain for various applications, including real estate and cryptocurrency.

Manufacturing and Industrial Production

Turkey Remains a Strong Manufacturing Hub, Particularly for:

    * Automotive: Home to production facilities for major global brands (Ford, Toyota, Fiat), with growing momentum in electric vehicle (EV) production, EV infrastructure, smart mobility, and component manufacturing.

    * Textiles and Apparel: Renowned for high-quality fabrics and garments, offering opportunities for sourcing and manufacturing.

    * Electronics and Machinery: Continued demand for advanced machinery and electronic components.

    * Food Processing and Agricultural Technology (Agritech): Turkey is a leading producer of agricultural products, and there’s a growing need for smart farming tools, sustainable practices, and food processing technologies.

Healthcare and Medical Tourism

The healthcare industry has seen rapid advancement with increasing public and private investment. Opportunities exist in:

    * Developing new healthcare facilities and modernizing existing ones;

    * Medical tourism (cosmetic surgery, dentistry, fertility treatment) due to high-quality yet affordable services;

    * Digital health technologies and virtual healthcare services, especially for rural areas.

Real Estate and Construction

The real estate market remains resilient, driven by urban regeneration projects, population growth, and demand for residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. Istanbul, in particular, remains a hotspot.

Logistics and Transportation

Turkey’s strategic location makes it a crucial hub for logistics. Investment in modern transportation networks, ports, and free trade zones enhances efficiency and reduces logistics costs, creating opportunities in freight, warehousing, and supply chain management.

Tourism and Hospitality

A vibrant industry attracting millions of visitors. Opportunities include:

    * Developing hotels and resorts.

    * Emerging niches like medical tourism, eco-tourism, wellness tourism, and curated cultural experiences.

    * Developing multilingual service capabilities to attract diverse international markets.

II. Key Business Needs and Challenges

Skilled Labor Shortages

Despite a young workforce, there are specific skill gaps in high-demand fields such as:

    * Robotics Engineering

    * Cybersecurity

    * Healthcare (technically advanced professionals)

    * Renewable Energy Engineering

    * Blockchain Management

    * Biotechnology Research

    * Professionals with strong English proficiency.

Maintaining Macroeconomic Stability

While policies are being implemented to restore sustainable growth and reduce economic imbalances, challenges like inflation and external financing needs persist. Businesses need to navigate this economic environment carefully.

  • Regulatory Complexity

Understanding and navigating Turkish business laws, tax systems, and trade requirements can be complex for foreign investors. Partnering with local experts is often crucial.

  • Identifying Reliable Partners

Finding trustworthy local partners is essential for successful market entry and operations.

  • Cultural and Language Barriers

While English is becoming more common, especially in business, understanding Turkish business culture and addressing language differences can be important.

  • Intellectual Property Protection

A significant concern, particularly in manufacturing and technology sectors.

  • Data Privacy and Cybersecurity

Critical considerations for businesses operating in the technology sector.

III. Government Support and Incentives

The Turkish government actively encourages both domestic and foreign investment through various incentive programs:

  • Investment Incentive Program

Provides tax benefits (corporate tax reductions, VAT and customs duty exemptions), social security premium support, interest rate support, and land allocation based on region and sector.

  • Research and Development (R&D) Incentives

Tax deductions for R&D expenditures, social security premium support for R&D personnel, and additional benefits for companies with dedicated R&D centers.

  • Technology Development Zones (Technoparks) Incentives

Income tax exemption for employees, VAT exemption for software and R&D products developed in Technoparks.

  • Free Zones (FZ) Incentives

Exemptions from VAT and customs duties, income tax withholding incentives for export-oriented companies.

  • Strategic Investment Incentives

Tailored support for large-scale, high-value-added projects that reduce foreign dependency.

  • Project-Based Investment Incentives (Super Incentives)

Financial support for innovative, technology-oriented, R&D-focused projects that align with national development plans.

In summary, Turkey offers a compelling landscape for businesses, particularly in sectors aligned with its strategic economic priorities like renewable energy, technology, and advanced manufacturing.

However, successful entry and growth require a clear understanding of the local market, effective navigation of regulations, and addressing the demand for specialized skills.

To learn more about different sectors of Turkish economy, explore possibilities for partnerships as well as import-export activities, please feel free to contact us by filling out the form below or by email to start.inforum@gmail.com

From LASTE 2018 to ICLTE 2023 – Triumph of the IV International Conference on Language Studies, Translation and Education

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Since the year of the company’s establishment in 2018, STARTINFORUM has been actively involved in educational activities and research, sponsoring IATELS – International Association for Technology, Education and Language Studies which has already become a world-known academic community comprising institutions and academicians from a big variety of countries.

Under the umbrella of IATELS, three conferences have been launched targeting the fields of Education and Technology (ICPATME), Language Studies, Translation and Education (LASTE) and Applied Psychology and Business Management (APBM).

LASTE was the conference initiated in 2018 and held in Istanbul for its first time.

The initiative to hold an international conference on languages and related issues was immediately grasped and supported by academicians and institutions from other countries including Netherlands, UK, Pakistan, Bolivia, and later on by the academicians from Iraq, Morocco, Taiwan, USA and other countries.

During the period of the global lockdown, the conference activities were transferred to the virtual environment and the conference organising committee was working to support the conference ideas and plans to revive them in their full extent after normalising the global conditions.

LASTE Chronology 2018 – 2020

  • LASTE 2018 was held on 15-16 of November, in Istanbul (Turkey).
  • LASTE 2019 was organised on 24-25 of October, 2019 in Izmir (Turkey).
  • LASTE 2020 was held in a virtual mode on 1-3 of August, 2020 (Istanbul, Turkey)

In 2023, LASTE Came Back and Even Stronger Than It Used to Be

The conference was rebranded to ICLTE preserving the traditions of LASTE and giving it a new force with a focus on enhancing international collaboration and international projection in the field of research and education, concerning languages, translation, and technologies related to the language production and processing.

Comprising more than 150 participants from Turkey, India, Ukraine, Iran, Iraq, Morocco, Pakistan, Ireland, Albania, Ireland, UK, Romania, Malaysia, Netherlands, Malta, ICLTE 2023 has become a truly international academic event broadcasting ideas, research, visions and plans worldwide.

The main partners of the conference – Galgotias University (India), Akademik Koleji (Turkey) and EDUSIMSTEAM International Project supported by the Ministry of Education in Turkey – made significant contribution to organising the conference, supporting the event with their institutional infrastructure, researchers and missionary visions.

During the conference sessions, the speakers presented their studies of urgent problems of the language studies, shared their expertise and philosophies of dealing with the problems of translation, came up with approaches and practices within language learning and educatin.

An exceptional place was occupied by the topic of artificial intelligence in education and namely in language studies presented by Dr. Piet Kommers (Netherlands), Dr. Patrick Camilleri (Malta), Prof. Dr. Rusudan Makhachashvili (Ukraine), Assoc. Prof. Dr. V. Rajasekaran (India), Assoc. Prof., and Dr. Elankovan A Sundararajan (Malaysia).

Another remarkable block of presentations and discussions was comprised by the academicians from the EDUSIMSTEAM team Dr. Michael Hallissy (“H2 Learning”, Dublin, Ireland) and Prof. Dr. Erdinç Çakıroğlu (TED University, Turkey). 

The presenters discussed the main ideas of the EDUSIMSTEAM project, the challenges of the STEAM education and their visions of its implementation in schools internationally.

All the presentations and speeches reflected on the urgent issues in language studies, translation and education and arose a lot of interest among the participants.

The specific aim and feature of the conference was enhancement of the international collaboration and boosting project activities within language studies embracing participants of the conference.

The aim was successfully achieved at the sessions of Discussion and Projection where the participants were invited to brainstorm on the urgent needs in their countries, current research gaps, educational requirements and other related issues which helped them highlight the topics for future projects and mutual studies.

During the sessions of Discussion and Projection, the academicians mapped roads for developing training programs and courses, writing and publishing books, partnering in future conferences and programs, conducting mutual research and publishing join papers.

The conference became a true success for its organisers and participants opening more horizons for future projects and programs to be done collaboratively.

Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Iryna Sekret (Turkey), the Conference Chair, for professional coordination and scientific development of the conference concept, Prof. (Dr.) Anuradha Parasar (India) for organisational contribution and inspiration, Mr. Utku Perincek (Turkey) for organisational contribution and coordination of the participation of Akademik Koleji in the conference.

Special thanks to the session chairs – Dr. Peter Williams (UK), Prof. Dr. Ilknur Istifci (Turkey), Dr. Lorena Robo (Albania), Prof. Dr. Rusudan Makhachashvili (Ukraine), Assist. Prof., Haritha R. Unnithan (India), Dr. Dorela Kaҫauni (Albania).

Very high appreciation from the conference organising committee to the workshop presenters Dr. Phil Mullen (UK),Dr. Dorela Kaҫauni (Albania) and Dr. Lorena Robo (Albania).

STARTINFORUM team is happy to stay behind a scene of this triumphal academic event and works for more international projects and programs in future.

For partnership and collaboration, please feel free to contact us by filling out the form below.

Discovering More Opportunities for Investment and Hotel Business – Bursa, Turkey

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Discovering More Opportunities for Investment and Hotel Business – Bursa, Turkey

Turkey has already occupied a strong leading place in the world’s tourism industry with a variety of the natural spaces, affordable prices and decent quality of the services.

Hospitality of the local people is an extra huge plus to the welcoming atmosphere of the country and touristic infrastructure. Even if newcomers come across with any situation which may cause some inconveniences, the hosts are always doing their best to solve the issue and please the guests.

Turkey is a country of a big diversity of the landscapes and weather conditions, and all of them have already found their fans and customers.

Antalya, Izmir, Cappadocia have already gained a world-wide fame for their natural beauty, historic sites, a very well-developed infrastructure of hotels, places to visit and leisure activities.

Though, in this post, we would like to highlight Bursa, which somehow slipped out of the attention of the global touristic community and serious investments.

Let’s say “somehow” because the city and its surrounding area definitely deserve for a closer look and recognition.

We won’t speak here about a rich historic past of the city because it will take lots of pages to cover at least its tiny part.

We won’t even mention its close location to Istanbul, Marmara Sea, Uludag Mountain and its mild climate in comparison to Istanbul, Antalya and Izmir.

All these features are already known but have not received an adequate appreciation in terms of the huge potential they provide for tourism and hotel infrastructure.

In winter with ski resorts and thermal waters, in summer with cool natural forests beauty on the one hand and seasides on the other, Bursa is the place to feed tourism all year round.

So, if to sum up, what are the plusses of Bursa in comparison to other places of Turkey which are already known in touristic circles?

  1. Close location to Istanbul, availability of its own airport;
  2. More affordable prices on property and life;
  3. Developed city infrastructure and a big number of the leading enterprises of the country;
  4. Close distance to the seaside of Marmara on the one hand and being protected by the woods and forests of the Uludag Mountain on the other one;
  5. Mild climate and weather conditions with moderate summers and mild winters;
  6. Rich historic past;
  7. Hospitality of the local people which resembles the one of the Mediterranean area;
  8. A variety of cuisine which combines traditional Turkish food with the tastes of the Aegean region;
  9. Close location to the Aegean side and its attractions;
  10. Possibility for a big variety of the leisure activities depending on the tastes and preferences all year round.

Our team has already done analysis of the main hotels in the city and its surroundings.

We can provide you with deeper insights on plusses and minuses of the current state of the touristic infrastructure in the city and potentials which can be discovered.

Together with that, we can guide you in your investment decisions.

You can consider buying land for new projects, and we will provide you with all the information concerning the potential of the place for tourism purposes.

You can also consider renovating and reconstructing current projects for the purposes of your business and ideas.

We can also offer you options of the hotels and recreational places which can be taken over at once to continue with their current functioning or changing for better business ideas.

Please feel free to contact us and we will be happy to assist you in your projects and ideas

REAL WAYS TO HELP UKRAINE

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REAL WAYS TO HELP UKRAINE


  1. Raise your voice to support Ukraine and express your solidarity with the people. It is already a year since the full-scale war started and all this time Ukrainian people have been fighting heroically to protect their homes and families from Russian invasion.
  2. Share the information about the situation in Ukraine and raise awareness of your local community about real facts on the Russian-Ukrainian war. Help your local communities to know what is happening on the territory of the country which was attacked by its neighbor. The war continues breaking all international conventions and agreements. In the 21st century, the era of the rapidly developing science and technologies, bombs are being thrown on the houses of peaceful people while the country is being made to give up on its hopes and dreams to build a society of the democratic values and freedoms. The most serious violation of the people and country’s rights is trying to block their growth and development by war actions and death threats. 
  3. Think about the ways to contribute to the economical situation of the country. Ukrainians do not give up on their homeland, believe in their victory and work to support the economy of Ukraine. Despite all electricity cuts and broken chain supplies, they continue working at their jobs and do their best in fulfilling their duties. 

Think what economic value you can add to support Ukrainians and the economy in the country. 

How Can You Support The Economy Of Ukraine?

Uniting our efforts and supporting each other, we can finally reach a goal of establishing a sustainable peaceful future for us, our children and our planet as a whole.

A tragedy in one part of the world definitely affects all other areas and people in terms of peace, economy, sustainability of our life today and in the future.

The primary right of any human being is a right for life in peace. 

This must be a driving force of all actions and plans for now and in the future.

We work to establish connections between Ukraine and Ukrainians, business organisations and institutions from different countries who would like to support Ukraine with new business opportunities and employment.

Please feel free to contact us with your suggestions for bringing your plans and ideas in life

One Year of Russia – Ukraine War: Facts to Know

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One Year of Russia – Ukraine War: Facts to Know

Russia-Ukraine War 2022 – 2023 : Statistics & Facts

On February 24, 2022, Russia started a massive invasion of Ukraine attaching most of its main cities, starting from Kyiv, the capital of the country. 

Attacks by Russian forces were reported in major cities across all Ukraine, including Berdyansk, Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Kherson, Odesa and Sumy. 

According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), over 7.1 thousand deaths of civilians in Ukraine have been verified during the war as of February 2023. 

8 Facts To know About Russian Military Aggression Against Ukraine

Fact 1: Russia planned military aggression against Ukraine in advance. The Victory of the Revolution of Dignity in 2014 was only a convenient pretext

Russia launched its well-planned armed aggression against Ukraine on 20 February 2014 with the military operation of its Armed Forces on seizing a part of the Ukrainian territory — Crimean peninsula. The war actions continued on the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk with Russia insisting to seize the Ukrainian lands and keep Ukraine under control. On 24 of February, 2022, a full scale war started with an aim to take all the territory of Ukraine under control and keep it submissive to Russian politics.

Fact 2: Russian Aggression Aimed At Destroying Ukraine As An Independent State

Illegal occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol was just the first Russian step aimed at undermining independence and sovereignty of Ukraine. The Kremlin has always been firmly convinced that Russia will never become a world leader without control over Ukraine, meanwhile a democratic and prosperous Ukraine is a threat to the current authoritarian rule in Russia.

Fact 3: Military Aggression Is Just One Element Of Russian Hybrid Warfare Against Ukraine

Military aggression is just one element of the Russian hybrid warfare against Ukraine. Other elements encompass:

1) Propaganda based on lies and falsifications; 2) Trade and economic pressure; 3) Energy blockade; 4) Terror and intimidation of Ukrainian citizens; 5) Cyber attacks; 6) A strong denial of the very fact of war against Ukraine despite large scope of irrefutable evidence; 7) Use of pro-Russian forces and satellite states in its own interests; 8) Blaming the other side for its own crimes.

Fact 4: Courage Of Ukrainians And Solidarity Of The International Community Stopped Russian Invasion.

Courageous Ukrainian soldiers, National Guard and other defense and law enforcement servicemen stopped the active phase of the Russian military invasion against Ukraine.

Numerous documents in support of Ukraine’s territorial integrity within its internationally recognized borders were approved by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, OSCE Parliamentary Assembly and other international organizations.

Political and economic sanctions are the most effective tool of pressure on the aggressor state. They significantly reduced the possibility of a large-scale invasion and forced Russia to sit at the negotiating table, in particular within the Trilateral Contact Group (Ukraine and Russia are parties to the conflict, the OSCE is a mediator) and Normandy Quartet (Ukraine and Russia are parties to the conflict, France and Germany are mediators). A decision to ease or lift the sanctions will encourage a new wave of Russian military aggression.

Fact 5: Russian Aggression Has Led To Dire Humanitarian Impacts

Russian aggression against Ukraine has left about 9940 people killed and up to 23455 wounded (UN data).

As of today Russia continues to illegally occupy Ukraine’s Autonomous Republic of Crimea (26 081 km²), the city of Sevastopol (864 km²), certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions (16799 km²) — in total 43744 km² or 7,2% of the territory of Ukraine.

The occupied areas have become a territory of fear and terror, the occupying authorities act by repressive measures, resorting to systematic and large-scale violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Alarming human rights situation in occupied Crimea was condemned by the UN General Assembly Resolution 71/205 «Situation of human rights in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol (Ukraine)», adopted on 19 December 2016.

Economy of Donbas has been completely destroyed. Equipment of the main industrial facilities of Donbas was dismantled and transported to the territory of Russia. The situation with flooded mines threatens environmental disaster. Russian authorities do not allow access of experts to assess the threats and seek ways to mend the situation.

Fact 6: By Launching Military Aggression Against Ukraine, Russia Violated Fundamental Norms And Principles Of International Law, Bilateral And Multilateral Agreements.

Resorting to the military aggression against Ukraine, Russia violated fundamental norms and principles of international law, enshrined, in particular, in:

  • UN Charter (1945);
  • Helsinki Final Act (1975);
  • Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the UN Charter (1970);
  • UN GA Resolution 3314 “Definition of Aggression” (1974);
  • Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty (1965);
  • Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention and Interference in the Internal Affairs of States (1981);
  • Declaration on the Enhancement of the Effectiveness of the Principle of Refraining from the Threat or Use of Force in International Relations (1987).
  • Russia had also violated number of bilateral and multilateral agreements, namely:
  • Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances related to the Ukraine’s accession to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (1994);
  • Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between Ukraine and the Russian Federation (1997);
  • Agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Federation on the Ukrainian-Russian state border (2003);
  • Agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Federation on cooperation in use of the Azov Sea and Kerch Strait (2003);
  • Agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Federation on the status and conditions of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in Ukraine (1999).
  • Russian occupation and further attempted annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol, as well as Russian illegal actions in Donbas, fall under the definition of aggression according to the points а), b), c), d), e) і g) Art.3 of the Annex to UN General Assembly Resolution “Definition of Aggression” (3314(XXIX)). The following actions are a serious crime against international peace, which entails international responsibility of the Russian Federation at the state level and international criminal responsibility of its leadership.

Fact 7: Military Aggression And Hybrid Warfare Is Russia’s Standard Practice

Russia’s aggressive policy targets not only Ukraine. Russia violated territorial integrity of Moldova and Georgia, announced its territorial claims and the willingness to “protect” the Russian-speaking population in the Baltic States. Russia supports Eurosceptic and radical movements in Europe. It was registered that Russian special services interfered in the electoral campaign during the US presidential election in 2016, carried out cyber attacks against OSCE, Germany and France.

Russia’s brutal military campaign in Syria has resulted in an increased wave of refugees to Europe. There is much evidence of close relations between Russian special services and terrorist organizations like ISIS and al-Qaeda.

Fact 8: Russian Aggression Can Be Stopped Only By Stepping Up Pressure On Kremlin

Political and economic sanctions were imposed on Russia in response to its aggression against Ukraine, therefore, stopping Russian military aggression against Ukraine and the reinstatement of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity may be the only reason for their cancellation. In other circumstances, Russia will continue its aggression, extending it to other states in the region.

What Are The Impacts On The World Today?

The continued conflict in Ukraine is causing extreme civilian harm and leaving millions without access to food, water and other essential supplies. Innocent civilians have been cruelly caught up in the conflict, with almost 19,000 casualties since February 24th 2022. More than 7,200 people have been killed, with the actual number likely much higher. Over 5.4 million have been internally displaced.

Starting in October 2022, waves of airstrikes left even more people across the country to face the cold without access to gas, electricity or centralized heating systems. In just one day in mid-November, over 7 million people were left without electricity due to the fighting.

In 2021, Ukrainian grain fed 400 million people around the world. For the first 5 months of the war, Ukraine was unable to export its grain through its primary shipping routes through the Black Sea.

Blockades of Ukrainian grain exports have worsened hunger in some of the world’s most vulnerable regions. 

In East Africa, for instance, a perfect storm of continued drought, the blockade, and the economic fallout from the war is causing mass starvation.

As of November 2022, there are over 8 million refugees from Ukraine recorded across Europe.

Poland has granted protection to over 1.5 million Ukrainian refugees while other nearby countries Hungary, Romania, Slovakia and Moldova have each given safety to tens of thousands of Ukrainian refugees. Czechia is currently the country hosting the most refugees per capita in Europe, having granted protection to almost half a million people.

Real Ways to Help Ukraine

  1. Raise your voice to support Ukraine and express your solidarity with the people. It is already a year since the full-scale war started and all this time Ukrainian people have been fighting heroically to protect their homes and families from Russian invasion.
  2. Share the information about the situation in Ukraine and raise awareness of your local community about real facts on the Russian-Ukrainian war. Help your local communities to know what is happening on the territory of the country which was attacked by its neighbor. The war continues breaking all international conventions and agreements. In the 21st century, the era of the rapidly developing science and technologies, bombs are being thrown on the houses of peaceful people while the country is being made to give up on its hopes and dreams to build a society of the democratic values and freedoms. The most serious violation of the people and country’s rights is trying to block their growth and development by war actions and death threats. 
  3. Think about the ways to contribute to the economical situation of the country. Ukrainians do not give up on their homeland, believe in their victory and work to support the economy of Ukraine. Despite all electricity cuts and broken chain supplies, they continue working at their jobs and do their best in fulfilling their duties. 

Think what economic value you can add to support Ukrainians and the economy in the country. 

How Can You Support The Economy Of Ukraine?

Uniting our efforts and supporting each other, we can finally reach a goal of establishing a sustainable peaceful future for us, our children and our planet as a whole.

A tragedy in one part of the world definitely affects all other areas and people in terms of peace, economy, sustainability of our life today and in the future.

The primary right of any human being is a right for life in peace. 

This must be a driving force of all actions and plans for now and in the future.

Sources

https://mfa.gov.ua/en/10-facts-you-should-know-about-russian-military-aggression-against-ukraine

https://www.statista.com/topics/9087/russia-ukraine-war-2022/#topicOverview

https://www.rescue.org/article/ukraine-war-what-are-impacts-world-today

​​

Bursa – the City of the Industrial Production and International Trade

STARTINFORUM Business, Economy, Real Estate, Tourism , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 0 Comment
Bursa – the City of the Industrial Production and International Trade

Bursa, one of the few cities in the world that has succeeded in combining natural beauty with industry and technology.

Being the centre of industry and culture, Bursa has turned into a driving force of the Turkish economy, especially taking into account the increasing inflation and economical crisis of nowadays.

With its factories and production areas, Bursa makes a significant contribution to the country’s economy by intensive import and export activities.

The city has a well-developed infrastructure and technological background to continue its rise in production and international trade.

Located in a close distance from the sea routes of the Marmara Sea, Istanbul, and the Aegean Sea, being surrounded by other industrially powerful areas of Turkey, Bursa has gained a reputation of the city which is rapidly developing and quickly reacting to the demands of the international production and trade.

Thanks to its favourable climate, affordable routes of transportation, closeness to the vein of the Turkish economy and production, Bursa has opened its doors to the partners from Eastern and Western Europe, Middle and Far East, countries of the North and South America. 

In Bursa, such sectors such as textile, automotive, machine-metal manufacturing, agriculture-based industry, food, furniture are leading the market and producing value at the national and international levels.

32 of the 500 largest Turkish companies are located in Bursa.

According to the records of the Provincial Directorate of Science, Industry and Technology, the total number of factory parcels in the region is 2,142, and the number of active facilities is 1,652.

What Industries are Especially Developed in Bursa?

Automobile Industry

Among the 250 companies in Bursa, the automotive industry produce the highest added value with a share of 44 percent. Automotive is followed by the food, agriculture and livestock industry with 16 percent, and the textile and apparel industry with 15 percent.

Two car factories of Turkey are located in Bursa. They are Renault and Tofaş (Fiat). The number of factories related to automotive industry working in Bursa are quite high. 16 types of machines are manufactured in Bursa including different types of equipment and tools. 32 varieties of auto accessories are assembled at the factories of Bursa and its branches in other cities and countries.

Textile Industry

In Bursa, there are 18 organized industrial zones and approximately 4100 textile and ready-made clothing companies operating in 1 free zone.

The textile factories manufacture goods using nylon, polyester, wool, etc to produce a big variety of textile for homes, cloths, cars, and so on.

2020 Data 

Bursa´s companies have developed a big number of local products which have been exported all over the world for the last 10 years, thank to the series of business projects developed together with the city municipality. 

Bursa has also become famous for such products as first metro-bus produced in Turkey, first domestic tram, first national 3D printer, laser chip, etc. 

250 big companies in Bursa reached 189 billion TL in their net sales, 30.6 billion TL in their added value, and 49.9 billion TL in their equities in 2020. 

The assets of these companies were recorded as 145.7 billion TL, their sales from production as 139.4 billion TL and their profit for the period is 12.6 billion TL. 

The exports of 250 large companies in 2020 amounted to 9.8 billion dollars. 

The total employment of the first 250 companies in 2020 was 149 thousand people.

In Bursa, the locomotive city of the Turkish economy, the first 6 companies ranked according to their net sales in 2019 maintained their positions in 2020 as well. 

Renault took the first place with 31.2 billion TL, the same as in 2019. Tofaş ranks second with TL 24.7 billion, while Bosch ranks third with TL 8.4 billion. Borcelik, Limak, Sütaş, Pro Yem, Yazaki Systems, Beyçelik Gestamp and Asil Çelik followed the 3 companies mentioned above. Out of the companies in the ranking list, 68 are automotive sub-industry, 43 are textiles, 30 are food, agriculture and livestock, 22 are retail trade, 17 are machinery and equipment, 13 are metal, 7 are ready-to-wear, 7 wood forest products and furniture, 6 plastics, 5 cement, soil products and mining, 5 energy, 5 environment and recycling, 4 construction, 4 automotive main industry, 3 economic relations and finance, 3 services, training and consultancy, 3 chemistry, 3 logistics, 1 electrical-electronics, and 1 health.

To find out more about the city, its industries and producers, set up connections for import-export activities, please feel free to contact us start.inforum@gmail.com

Resources:

Bursa’nın en büyük 250 şirketi belli oldu! İŞTE TAM LİSTE https://www.memleket.com.tr/bursanin-en-buyuk-250-sirketi-belli-oldu-iste-tam-liste-2110235h.htm

Turkiye Tekstil Sektörü ve Bursa https://uib.org.tr/tr/kbfile/turkiye-tekstil-sektoru-ve-bursa

Bursa’da Organize Sanayi Bölgeleri https://www.btso.org.tr/?page=bursaeconomy/industrialzone.asp

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