Economy

Countries Which Should be Taken with Precautions: Guidance for Turkish Exporters

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Identifying a country that absolutely shouldn’t be targeted with any Turkish exports is a strong statement, as even very challenging markets might have niche opportunities. However, based on various factors, there are countries where the effort, risk, or lack of demand would make them highly unfeasible or inadvisable for Turkish exporters, especially novices.

Here are the categories of countries that should generally be avoided or approached with extreme caution, and specific examples.

1. Countries under Comprehensive International Sanctions

  • Reason: Exporting to countries under severe international sanctions (especially from the UN, US, EU) carries immense legal and financial risks for the exporter, their bank, and their country. Transactions can be blocked, assets frozen, and severe penalties imposed. Even if Turkey itself doesn’t impose the same sanctions, engaging in such trade can lead to “secondary sanctions” or a loss of access to international financial systems.

  • Examples of such countries (subject to change and varying degrees of sanctions):
    • North Korea: Virtually impossible to conduct legitimate trade due to extensive UN, US, and other sanctions.

  • Iran: While Turkey has historical trade with Iran, extensive US sanctions (especially secondary sanctions) make it extremely risky for most Turkish businesses, particularly those dealing in sectors covered by sanctions (e.g., oil, financial transactions) or using US dollar transactions.

  • Syria: Heavily sanctioned by the US and EU. Trade is severely restricted and highly risky.

  • Russia (for certain goods/end-users): While Turkey has not fully aligned with Western sanctions on Russia, exporting certain goods (especially dual-use items, high-tech components, or anything that could aid Russia’s military) can still incur risks of secondary sanctions from the US/EU. This is highly context-dependent on the specific product and end-user.

  • Cuba: Under long-standing US embargo.

2. Countries with Active Trade Bans or Severe Restrictions Specifically Against Turkish Goods

  • Reason: If a country has deliberately imposed bans or extremely high non-tariff barriers on Turkish products due to political or economic reasons, market entry becomes virtually impossible or highly unprofitable.

  • Example:
    • Armenia: Following the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, Armenia imposed a ban on all products of Turkish origin (with some exceptions for raw materials). While temporary bans have expiry dates, the underlying political tension makes it a very difficult market. Even historically, trade was largely unidirectional (Turkish exports to Armenia).

3. Countries with Extremely Limited Demand or Purchasing Power for Turkish Products

  • Reason: These are often the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) or nations facing severe economic crises, civil unrest, or extremely small populations with very low per capita income. The cost of logistics might far outweigh any potential revenue.

  • Examples (general categories, as specific situations can vary):
    • Countries in active conflict zones: (e.g., Yemen, parts of Sudan, Afghanistan) – Security risks, destroyed infrastructure, and collapsed economies make trade highly impractical and dangerous.
    • Very small island nations with limited economies: (e.g., some Pacific Island nations) – Unless you have a highly specialized niche product, the logistics costs and tiny market size make it uneconomical.
    • Countries with extremely low GDP per capita and high self-sufficiency in relevant sectors: If a country produces most of what it needs locally and its population has very limited disposable income, demand for imported goods (especially higher-quality Turkish goods) would be minimal.

4. Countries with Unacceptable Levels of Business Risk

  • Reason: High levels of corruption, extreme political instability, very weak rule of law, or severe currency convertibility issues can make doing business impossible or fraught with unacceptable risk of non-payment or asset seizure.

  • Examples: This is less about specific countries and more about the current context of certain nations. A country might be promising one year and highly risky the next due to internal conflicts or political upheaval. Always check current political stability ratings and corruption indices (e.g., Transparency International).

Important Caveats

  • Niche Opportunities: Even in highly challenging markets, there might be a very specific, high-demand, high-margin niche for certain goods. However, this is usually for experienced exporters with significant risk tolerance and local knowledge.

  • Humanitarian Aid: Exporting goods for humanitarian aid or specific government-to-government projects might bypass some commercial restrictions, but this is a very different business model.

  • Dynamic Landscape: Geopolitical situations and economic conditions change rapidly. What’s a “no-go” today might be a cautious “maybe” next year, and vice-versa. Always stay updated on international relations and trade policies.

For a novice Turkish exporter, the best advice is to avoid any country that presents significant sanctions risk, explicit trade bans, or extreme political/economic instability that would directly impede basic commercial operations. Focus on markets with established demand, stable economies, and good trade relations with Turkey.

For more guidance and developing an effective strategy of exporting goods from Turkey, please feel free to contact us.

From Turkey To Poland: Export Trends and Prerequisites

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Poland is absolutely a promising destination for Turkish exports which is caused by a number of reasons.

Here they are, based on current trends and future outlook.

1. Strong and Growing Trade Relationship

  • Significant Volume: The trade volume between Turkey and Poland has increased rapidly, jumping from $7 billion to $12 billion in a very short time. This robust growth indicates strong demand and successful existing partnerships.

  • Ambitious Targets: Both Turkish and Polish leaders have set an ambitious target of $15 billion for bilateral trade, signaling a clear political will to further deepen economic ties.

  • Trade Balance in Turkey’s Favor: Turkey currently holds a positive trade balance with Poland (meaning Turkey exports more to Poland than it imports), though the gap has narrowed slightly in recent years. This indicates a strong market for Turkish goods.

2. Poland’s Robust Economic Outlook

  • Solid GDP Growth: Poland’s economy is expected to maintain robust growth in 2025 (forecasted at 3.3%) and 2026 (3.0%). This growth is primarily driven by strong private consumption (due to rising real wages and increased government benefits) and investment (especially EU-funded public investment in infrastructure and energy).

  • Strategic Location: Poland’s central position in Europe makes it a vital gateway for trade between Western and Eastern Europe. Its well-developed infrastructure (ports, railways, highways) facilitates efficient logistics and distribution.

  • EU Membership Benefits: As an EU member, Poland benefits from free trade within the EU, reduced tariffs, and streamlined customs procedures, making it an attractive entry point to the broader European market.

3. Key Export Sectors with High Potential

Turkish exports to Poland are diverse, indicating wide-ranging opportunities. The top categories in 2024 highlight particular strengths:

  • Vehicles (other than railway, tramway): This is by far the largest Turkish export to Poland ($1.62 billion in 2024), showing a strong demand for Turkish-made or assembled vehicles and parts.

  • Machinery, Nuclear Reactors, Boilers: A significant category ($619.19 million in 2024), driven by Poland’s industrial development and investment.

  • Electrical, Electronic Equipment: Another substantial export ($459.46 million in 2024), reflecting the demand for technology and consumer electronics.

  • Textiles and Apparel (Knit and Not Knit): Combined, these categories represent over $680 million in 2024. Turkish textiles are highly competitive in Poland due to quality, design, and proximity (as Poland also imports heavily from China, Bangladesh, and Germany in this sector).

  • Aluminum: A surprisingly large export ($317.62 million in 2024), indicating industrial demand.

  • Plastics: ($280.32 million in 2024) – used across various manufacturing sectors.

  • Edible Fruits, Nuts, Peel of Citrus Fruit, Melons: A strong agricultural export ($255.26 million in 2024), benefiting from Poland’s import needs for fresh produce.

  • Articles of Iron or Steel: ($259.99 million in 2024) – for construction and manufacturing.

  • Defense Sector: Described as a sector with “significant progress,” with “Arms and ammunition, parts and accessories” at $106.82 million in 2024. This is a growing area of cooperation.

  • Pharmaceutical Products: A consistent export ($63.05 million in 2024), indicating demand for Turkish pharmaceuticals.

  • Furniture, Lighting Signs, Prefabricated Buildings: ($57.47 million in 2024) – aligning with Poland’s construction and real estate development.

4. Favorable Regulatory and Political Environment

  • Free Trade Agreement (FTA): A Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Poland has been in force since 2002, eliminating tariffs on industrial products and providing a framework for trade in agricultural products. This significantly boosts competitiveness.

  • Strategic Partnership: Relations between Turkey and Poland have been elevated to a “strategic partnership” since 2009. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD, OSCE, and the WTO, ensuring a stable and cooperative political environment.

  • Shared Energy Goals: Both countries are focusing on reducing energy dependence and increasing renewable energy, creating potential for cooperation and related goods/services.

  • Polish-Turkish Chamber of Commerce: Established in 2007, this body actively supports mutual collaboration and strengthens economic ties.

Conclusion

Given the strong historical ties, robust economic growth in Poland, significant existing trade volumes, ambitious future targets, and the diverse range of successful Turkish exports, Poland is indeed a very promising and strategically important destination for Turkish exports.

Turkish exporters should prioritize market research within these key sectors to identify specific niches and capitalize on the existing goodwill and economic momentum between the two countries.

For guidance and consultancy, as well as developing effective strategy for export from Turkey, please feel free to contact us.

What Should Novice Exporters from Turkey Consider in the First Place?

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Becoming a successful exporter from Turkey, especially as a novice, requires careful planning, thorough research, and a commitment to quality and compliance.

Here’s comprehensive advice for novice exporters from Turkey.

1. Do Your Homework (Market Research is King)

  • Identify Target Markets: Don’t just pick a country randomly. Research which countries have demand for your specific product. Consider:
    • Existing Turkish export markets: Germany, USA, UK, Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan), Middle East (Iraq, UAE), and North Africa. These often have established logistics and demand.
    • Growing economies: Central Asia and Africa, where demand for Turkish manufactured goods and services is rising.
    • Cultural affinity: Countries with Turkic or Islamic cultural ties often have a natural inclination towards Turkish products (e.g., Central Asia, Azerbaijan, some Middle Eastern countries).

  • Understand Market Needs & Preferences:
    • Consumer behavior: What do customers in your target market truly want? Does your product need adaptation (e.g., design, size, flavor, language)?
    • Competition: Who are your competitors (local and international)? What are their prices, quality, and marketing strategies?
    • Pricing: Research competitive pricing in the target market, considering all export costs (shipping, duties, taxes, agent fees).

  • Legal & Regulatory Environment:
    • Import regulations: What are the import duties, taxes (VAT), and other tariffs in your target country?
    • Product standards & certifications: Does your product require specific certifications (e.g., CE marking for Europe, Halal certification for certain markets)? Are there specific labeling or packaging requirements?
    • Prohibited/Restricted goods: Ensure your product isn’t on any restricted list.

2. Understand Turkish Export Procedures & Requirements

  • Legal Entity & Tax ID: You need to be a registered legal entity or natural person with a tax ID number.
  • Exporters’ Association Membership: You must be a member of the relevant Exporters’ Association for your product category (e.g., Uludağ Textile Exporters’ Association). Your customs declaration will need to be approved by this association.
  • Customs Declaration (BİLGE System): All export transactions go through the electronic BİLGE system. You’ll need a user code and password, and potentially an electronic signature.
  • Documentation: Prepare accurate and complete documents:
    • Commercial Invoice: Essential for most shipments, detailing goods, value, and parties.
    • Packing List: Details the contents of each package.
    • Air Waybill (for air freight) or Bill of Lading (for sea freight): Transportation contract.
    • Certificate of Origin: Crucial for preferential trade agreements (e.g., EUR.1 for EU, ATR for EU, Certificate of Origin for others) to benefit from reduced or zero tariffs.
    • Licenses/Permits: Some products require specific export licenses or permits from competent authorities in Turkey (e.g., dual-use goods, certain food products). Obtain these before starting customs procedures.
    • Other certificates: Health certificates (for food), phytosanitary certificates (for plants), quality certificates, etc.
  • Customs Broker (Gümrük Müşaviri): For a novice, it’s highly recommended to work with a reputable customs broker in Turkey. They have the expertise to navigate complex regulations, prepare documentation correctly, and ensure smooth customs clearance.

3. Master Logistics and Shipping

  • Choose the Right Incoterms: Understand Incoterms (e.g., EXW, FOB, CIF, DDP). These define responsibilities, costs, and risks between buyer and seller. For novices, starting with simpler terms like FOB (Free on Board) where the buyer arranges main carriage is often easier.
  • Select Shipping Method:
    • Air Freight: Fastest, but most expensive. Good for high-value, perishable, or time-sensitive goods.
    • Sea Freight: Most economical for large volumes, but slower. Common from ports like Gemlik, Ambarlı (Istanbul), or Mersin.
    • Road Freight: Flexible and economical for nearby countries (Europe, Middle East, Caucasus).
    • Rail Freight: Growing in importance, especially along the Middle Corridor to Central Asia, offering a balance of cost and speed.
  • Work with Reliable Freight Forwarders: A good freight forwarder will manage the entire shipping process, from picking up goods to arranging customs clearance and delivery. Look for those with experience in your target markets and product types.
  • Insurance: Always insure your goods against potential risks (damage, loss, theft) during transit.

4. Payment Methods & Risk Management

  • Understand Payment Terms:
    • Cash in Advance: Safest for exporter, highest risk for importer. Good for small initial orders.
    • Letter of Credit (L/C): Highly secure for both parties as banks guarantee payment upon fulfillment of conditions. Often preferred for larger, higher-risk transactions.
    • Documentary Collections (CAD/DP/DA): Bank facilitates exchange of documents against payment or acceptance. Less secure than L/C for the exporter.
    • Open Account: Goods shipped before payment is due. Highest risk for exporter, usually for established, trusted relationships.
  • Assess Importer’s Creditworthiness: Especially for payment methods other than cash in advance or confirmed L/C, conduct due diligence on your buyer.
  • Currency Risk: Consider using forward contracts or other hedging instruments if dealing with volatile currencies to protect against unfavorable exchange rate fluctuations.

5. Financial Support & Incentives

  • Eximbank (Türk Eximbank): This is a crucial resource for Turkish exporters. They offer:
    • Export Credit Insurance: Protects against commercial and political risks of non-payment.
    • Short, Medium, and Long-Term Loans: Tailored financing for various export needs.
    • Guarantees: To facilitate access to bank loans.
  • Ministry of Trade Incentives: Türkiye offers various state incentives for investments and exports, including VAT exemption, customs duty exemption, and tax reductions for certain types of investments and exports (e.g., high-tech products, investments in specific regions).1Research these programs.
  • KOSGEB (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization): Provides support programs for SMEs, including those looking to export.

6. Marketing and Sales

  • E-Export (E-İhracat): Consider online platforms. Turkey is actively promoting cross-border e-commerce. Selling through global marketplaces (e.g., Amazon, Alibaba, specialized platforms) can be a low-cost entry point.
  • Trade Fairs & Exhibitions: Participate in relevant domestic (e.g., IFCO, WorldFood Istanbul, Heimtextil) and international trade fairs. This is excellent for networking, market research, and finding buyers.
  • Digital Marketing: Build a professional website in English and target market languages. Use social media, SEO, and online advertising to reach potential international buyers.
  • Local Partnerships: Consider working with local distributors, agents, or joint ventures in target markets. They understand the local landscape and can facilitate market entry.

7. Common Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Insufficient Market Research: Don’t assume demand; verify it.
  • Neglecting Regulations: Compliance is non-negotiable; errors lead to delays and fines.
  • Inadequate Documentation: Incomplete or inaccurate paperwork is a primary cause of customs issues.
  • Underestimating Costs: Factor in all expenses (logistics, duties, insurance, marketing, potential returns).
  • Poor Communication: Maintain clear and consistent communication with your buyers and partners.
  • Ignoring After-Sales Service: Crucial for building long-term relationships and reputation, especially for machinery and electronics.
  • Lack of Insurance: Don’t risk uninsured shipments.
  • Not Seeking Professional Advice: Leverage experts like customs brokers, trade consultants, and international lawyers.

Starting to export can be challenging, but with Turkey’s strategic location, growing manufacturing base, and government support, it offers immense opportunities.

Begin small, learn from each experience, and continuously adapt your strategy.

For more guidance and consultancy, please feel free to contact STARTINFORUM team to set a call or an online meeting.

Export Trends from Turkey to Azerbaijan

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Turkey and Azerbaijan, bound by strong historical, cultural, and political ties (“one nation, two states”), exhibit robust and diversifying trade relations.

While Azerbaijan’s exports to Turkey are dominated by energy products (petroleum gas, crude petroleum), Turkish exports to Azerbaijan are much more varied, reflecting Turkey’s industrial and manufacturing strength.

Here’s a breakdown of the export trends from Turkey to Azerbaijan.

Overall Trade Dynamics & Trends

  • Growing Trade Volume: Over the past 5 years (leading up to March 2025), trade between Turkey and Azerbaijan has grown at an impressive annualized rate of approximately 14.1-14.4%. This signifies a strong upward trend in bilateral economic activity.

  • Trade Balance Favors Azerbaijan (Overall): In terms of total trade, Azerbaijan typically has a significant trade surplus with Turkey due to its substantial energy exports.

  • Trade Balance Favors Turkey (Non-Energy): When looking at non-energy goods, Turkey usually maintains a positive trade balance with Azerbaijan, exporting more manufactured and consumer goods than it imports in these categories.

  • Recent Fluctuations (March 2024-2025): In March 2025, Turkey’s exports to Azerbaijan saw a slight decrease of 1.12% compared to March 2024 ($212M vs $215M). However, this is a very short-term snapshot and the long-term trend remains positive.

  • Strategic Goals: Both countries aim to further increase their bilateral trade volume, with ambitious targets set by their leadership.

Top Export Categories and Their Trends

Based on recent data (primarily 2023-2024 figures, as these provide a comprehensive annual view, supplemented by March 2025 data):

1. Packaged Medicaments / Pharmaceutical Products: This is a consistently strong and often the top Turkish export to Azerbaijan.

Trend: Shows high and sustained demand, reflecting Azerbaijan’s healthcare needs and reliance on imported pharmaceuticals. In 2023, it was the top export at $68.2M. In 2024, Pharmaceutical products were $48.44M, showing continued significant value.

2. Machinery, Nuclear Reactors, Boilers, and Electrical/Electronic Equipment: This is a very significant and growing category, driven by Azerbaijan’s ongoing industrialization, infrastructure development, and modernization efforts.

Trend: Consistently among the highest value exports. In 2024, “Machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers” was a massive $456.88M, and “Electrical, electronic equipment” was $344.40M. This indicates a strong and sustained demand for capital goods.

3. Vehicles (other than railway, tramway) / Cars: Azerbaijan imports a substantial number of vehicles from Turkey.

Trend: In 2023, “Cars” alone accounted for $60.8M. “Vehicles other than railway, tramway” was $140.58M in 2024. This reflects increasing consumer purchasing power and a need for transportation.

4. Textiles and Apparel: Turkey is a leading supplier of textiles and ready-made garments to Azerbaijan due to proximity, quality, and design appeal.

Trend: Consistent and significant. In 2024, “Articles of apparel, not knit or crocheted” was $113.93M, and “Articles of apparel, knit or crocheted” was $107.49M. “Carpets and other textile floor coverings” also show a notable presence ($12.91M in 2024).

5. Plastics and Plastic Products: Used in various industries, packaging, and consumer goods.

Trend: Solid and growing. $158.62M in 2024, indicating high demand across multiple sectors.

6. Iron and Steel Articles: Essential for Azerbaijan’s construction and infrastructure projects.

Trend: Stable demand. $101.66M in 2024 for “Articles of iron or steel” and $45.60M for “Iron and steel.”

7. Furniture, Lighting Signs, Prefabricated Buildings: Reflects ongoing construction and urban development.

Trend: Strong, with $97.16M in 2024.

8. Food Products: Azerbaijan imports a variety of food items from Turkey to meet domestic demand.

Trend: Consistent. “Cereal, flour, starch, milk preparations” was $64.14M in 2024, and “Edible fruits, nuts, peel of citrus fruit, melons” was $22.75M.

9. Defense and Aerospace: While specific detailed figures are less public, post-2020 Karabakh War, cooperation in the defense industry has intensified. Azerbaijan has expressed interest in Turkish drones (like Bayraktar TB2) and other military equipment.

Trend: This is a strategically important and rapidly growing area of cooperation, though not always reflected in general trade statistics due to its sensitive nature. “Arms and ammunition, parts and accessories” was $87.84M in 2024.

Contributing Factors to Export Trends

  • “One Nation, Two States” Philosophy: The deep political and cultural affinity translates into strong economic ties and a preference for Turkish products and services.

  • Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA): The PTA between Turkey and Azerbaijan, which came into force on March 1, 2021, has likely provided a significant boost by reducing tariffs on many goods, making Turkish products more competitive.

  • Turkish Investments in Azerbaijan: Turkish firms have invested significantly in Azerbaijan (around $12 billion until 2020 in the non-oil sector), particularly in construction, telecommunications, and banking. These investments often create a demand for Turkish machinery, materials, and expertise.

  • Logistics and Connectivity: Shared borders and improving transportation links (e.g., Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway) facilitate trade.

  • Modernization and Diversification of Azerbaijani Economy: As Azerbaijan works to reduce its reliance on oil and gas and develops non-oil sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, construction), the demand for diversified imports from Turkey naturally increases.

In summary, Turkey’s export trends to Azerbaijan are characterized by high-value industrial goods, essential consumer products, and strategic defense items, all underpinned by strong bilateral relations and a commitment to increasing trade volume.

What is the Business Profile of STARTINFORUM?

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STARTINFORUM International Consultancy LTD Company, or simply STARTINFORUM, is a Project Management and Business Consultancy firm that specializes in facilitating international business development and expansion.

The business profile encompasses several key areas:

International Business Development & Business Extension

  • This is a core focus. STARTINFORUM provides consultancy for businesses looking to expand their products and services into new countries and cultures. The company conducts market analysis (including legislative regulations, competition, and market demands), develops strategic plans for communication, advertising, and promotion, and helps establish networking with potential partners and customers.
  • The company’s aim is to ensure successful market entry and long-term, mutually beneficial collaborations.

  • STARTINFORUM collaborates with a diverse range of sectors, including agricultural enterprises, food production factories, business organizations, real estate companies, construction companies, industrial machinery factories, textile factories, mass media companies, and technological centers.

International Trade

  • STARTINFORUM actively works on developing new trading plans and strategies, strengthening existing trading relationships, and identifying new products and services in demand in the international market. The company’s aim is to establish reliable ties and connections for long-term partnerships and collaborative consortiums.

Computer Technologies and Software

  • Recognizing the essential role of technology in modern business, STARTINFORUM works to enhance computer technology development and implementation within organizations.
  • The company’s team has expertise in software development, graphics, and multimedia, creating new information products, content, and programs. This includes solutions for the educational sector (online education modules, training programs) and services like website design, e-system development, and database creation.

Education

  • The company develops and implements educational projects, organizes programs and courses, and hosts international conferences in various fields including education, technology, language studies, management, economics, and social sciences.
  • The company also offers consulting services to companies, schools, and higher educational establishments to enhance professional competencies and develop related skills.

Social Activities

  • STARTINFORUM is also described as being socially active at the national and international levels, participating in ERASMUS + projects, volunteering activities, etc.

In essence, STARTINFORUM acts as an international facilitator and consultant, helping businesses navigate the complexities of global expansion, trade, and technological integration, while also engaging in educational initiatives.

The company emphasizes establishing long-term and reliable partnerships for quality and mutual benefits at the national and international level.

To contact the company’s team and discuss the possibilities of collaboration, please feel free to contact us and set an online meeting with the company’s representatives.

Which Country Should be Targeted with Turkish Export in the First Place?

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Considering all factors – historical trade performance, current strategic priorities, economic conditions, and recent government statements for 2025 – Germany should be targeted with Turkish export in the first place.

Here’s why:

  • Largest and Most Consistent Export Market: Germany has consistently been Turkey’s number one export destination for many years, including in March 2025 and for the January-March 2025 period. This indicates deep-rooted trade relationships, established supply chains, and a reliable demand for Turkish goods. It’s a market where Turkey already has a significant competitive advantage and strong infrastructure in place for exports.

  • Stable and Large Economy: Germany boasts Europe’s largest economy, offering a vast and stable market for diverse Turkish products, from automotive and machinery to textiles and food. Even with global economic fluctuations, Germany provides a strong foundation for Turkish exports.

  • Strategic Partnership: The trade relationship between Turkey and Germany goes beyond mere transactions; it’s a strategic partnership with strong industrial ties (e.g., German automotive companies relying on Turkish suppliers).

  • EU Access: As a member of the EU, exporting to Germany also facilitates indirect access to the broader European Union market due to the Customs Union agreement. While there are ongoing discussions about modernizing this agreement, the existing framework provides significant advantages.

While Turkey is aggressively pursuing new and high-growth markets in Central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, these efforts are aimed at diversification and long-term growth. However, in the “first place” for immediate and substantial export volume, maintaining and strengthening the existing powerhouse relationship with Germany is paramount.

Germany and Turkey are linked by especially wide-ranging and close relations in which the approximately three million people of Turkish descent living in Germany play an important role. 

Germany is Turkey’s most important trading partner and one of the country’s biggest foreign investors.

Other Strong Contenders for Targeted Export Growth (But Not “First Place”)

  • United States and United Kingdom: These are consistently in Turkey’s top export markets and offer significant potential for growth across various sectors, especially as Turkey seeks to expand its higher-value and defense exports.

  • Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan: These Central Asian countries are strategic long-term targets due to their high growth potential, cultural ties, and Turkey’s specific trade volume targets (e.g., $5 billion with Uzbekistan, $10 billion with Kazakhstan). They represent future “first places” as part of a diversification strategy, but Germany holds the current top spot in terms of sheer volume and established trade.

  • African and Gulf Countries: These are key for future growth and market diversification, especially for defense, construction, and consumer goods.

In conclusion, for immediate and substantial export focus, the priority should remain on Germany, while simultaneously investing in the promising growth markets for future diversification and long-term gains.

For guidance in Turkish production as well as its marketing in different countries of the world, please feel free to contact us.

How can Turkish Goods Compete with China in Central Asia?

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Competing with China in Central Asia is a significant challenge for Turkish goods, given China’s massive production capacity, aggressive pricing, and extensive Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) infrastructure investments.

However, Turkey possesses several inherent advantages that it can leverage to effectively compete.

Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Turkey and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) were established in 1971.

Bilateral relations have been progressing steadily since the 1980s with the opening-up of both countries.

1. Quality Perception and Brand Image

  • Turkish Advantage: In many product categories, Turkish goods are perceived to have higher quality, better design, and adhere to more stringent European standards compared to mass-produced Chinese goods. This is particularly true for textiles, apparel, certain machinery, home appliances, and food products. Consumers in Central Asia, as their purchasing power increases, are often willing to pay a premium for higher quality and durability.

  • Chinese Challenge: While China offers a vast range of products at various quality levels, the general perception in many markets, including Central Asia, can still lean towards lower quality for the cheapest Chinese imports.

  • Strategy for Turkey: Emphasize “Made in Turkey” as a mark of quality, reliability, and modern design. Invest in branding, marketing, and after-sales service to reinforce this image. Target segments that prioritize quality over just the lowest price.

2. Geographic Proximity and Logistics (Middle Corridor)

  • Turkish Advantage: Turkey is geographically closer to Central Asia than China. While not directly bordering, Turkey is actively developing the “Middle Corridor” (Trans-Caspian International Transport Route) that connects Europe and China via Turkey, the Caucasus, and the Caspian Sea. This route significantly reduces transit times compared to traditional sea routes (e.g., 10-15 days vs. 35-45 days). This means faster delivery, reduced inventory costs, and quicker response to market changes for Turkish goods.

  • Chinese Challenge: While China has massive investments in land routes through Central Asia via BRI, the sheer distance and potential for bottlenecks at various borders can still make overall transit times long for certain goods, especially those destined for the western parts of Central Asia.

  • Strategy for Turkey: Continuously invest in and promote the Middle Corridor. Improve customs procedures and border crossings. Offer integrated logistics solutions that highlight faster and more efficient delivery times. This advantage is particularly strong for time-sensitive goods.

3. Cultural and Historical Ties (Soft Power)

  • Turkish Advantage: Turkey shares deep historical, linguistic, and cultural ties with the Turkic-speaking Central Asian republics (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan). This fosters a natural affinity for Turkish products and a sense of trust. Turkish TV series, music, and educational programs are popular, subtly building brand recognition and preference. The Organization of Turkic States (OTS), led by Turkey, further strengthens these bonds.

  • Chinese Challenge: While China offers economic benefits, its cultural influence in Central Asia is less profound compared to Turkey’s.

  • Strategy for Turkey: Leverage this soft power. Participate in cultural events, establish educational exchange programs, and promote shared heritage. This can translate into stronger consumer loyalty and business relationships.

4. Flexibility and Adaptability

  • Turkish Advantage: Turkish manufacturers are often more flexible in terms of order sizes, customization, and adapting to specific market demands. They can offer quicker design changes and smaller batch production compared to large Chinese factories. This is particularly beneficial for niche markets or evolving consumer trends. Turkish companies are also known for flexible payment terms.

  • Chinese Challenge: While China offers immense scale, large Chinese manufacturers might be less flexible for smaller, customized orders.

  • Strategy for Turkey: Highlight agility and responsiveness to market needs. Offer tailored solutions and quicker lead times.

5. After-Sales Service and Support

  • Turkish Advantage: Due to geographical proximity and a more similar business culture, Turkish companies can often provide better after-sales service, technical support, and warranty provisions. This is crucial for complex machinery and electronics where long-term reliability and maintenance are important.

  • Chinese Challenge: For many low-cost Chinese goods, after-sales support can be limited or difficult to access.

  • Strategy for Turkey: Build strong local service networks, offer training, and ensure readily available spare parts. This builds trust and customer loyalty.

6. Diversification from Over-Reliance on China

  • Turkish Advantage: Central Asian countries are increasingly looking to diversify their economic partnerships and reduce over-reliance on any single external power, including China. Turkey presents a viable and attractive alternative for imports.

  • Strategy for Turkey: Position itself as a reliable, high-quality, and strategically aligned partner that helps Central Asian countries diversify their supply chains.

7. Preferential Trade Agreements and Investment

  • Turkish Advantage: Turkey has signed Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) with countries like Uzbekistan, significantly reducing tariffs and making Turkish goods more competitive. Turkish direct investments in Central Asia also create a demand for Turkish goods and services within those projects.

  • Chinese Challenge: While China offers loans and investments through BRI, the terms can sometimes lead to debt concerns for recipient countries.

  • Strategy for Turkey: Promote and expand PTAs. Increase direct investment in local production and infrastructure, which naturally creates a market for Turkish intermediate goods and machinery.

In summary, to effectively compete with China in Central Asia, Turkey should focus on a multi-pronged strategy:

  • Leverage its strengths: Emphasize quality, design, brand reputation, and excellent after-sales service.
  • Exploit geographical advantages: Promote and utilize the Middle Corridor for faster and more cost-effective logistics.
  • Deepen cultural ties: Use soft power to build consumer preference and trust.
  • Be flexible and responsive: Offer customized solutions and agile supply chains.
  • Capitalize on diversification trends: Position Turkey as a strategic alternative for reliable and high-quality imports.
  • Utilize trade agreements and investment: Make Turkish goods more competitive through favorable tariffs and by embedding Turkish products in local projects.

While Chinese goods will always have a price advantage in many basic commodity categories, Turkey can win by targeting higher-value segments, offering better quality, faster delivery, and stronger relationships.

Which Goods From Turkey Should be Exported to Tajikistan?

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Turkey and Tajikistan share friendly and cooperative relations, backed by a legal framework of numerous treaties and protocols aimed at strengthening economic and trade ties. While Tajikistan’s economy faces challenges, it presents a growing market for Turkish goods due to ongoing development, a relatively undiversified local production base, and consumer demand.

Here are the goods from Turkey that should be targeted for export to Tajikistan, based on current trends, Tajikistan’s import needs, and Turkey’s export strengths.

I. Key Existing Export Categories (Continue and Expand)

Current trade data shows these are already strong performers for Turkish exports to Tajikistan:

  1. Textiles and Apparel:
    • Why: This is historically a top export category from Turkey to Tajikistan, including knitted and non-knitted apparel, other made textile articles, and textile floor coverings (carpets). Turkish textiles are known for their quality, design, and competitive pricing, appealing to consumer preferences.
    • Specifics: Ready-to-wear clothing (men’s, women’s, children’s), home textiles (bedding, towels), specialized fabrics, and carpets.
  2. Machinery, Nuclear Reactors, and Boilers:
    • Why: Tajikistan is investing in its industrial and infrastructure development, creating a consistent demand for various types of machinery and equipment.
    • Specifics: Industrial machinery, construction equipment, power generation machinery, and parts.
  3. Electrical and Electronic Equipment:
    • Why: As Tajikistan modernizes its infrastructure and industries, and as consumer spending potentially rises, demand for electrical and electronic goods increases.
    • Specifics: Home appliances, telecommunications equipment, various electronic devices, and electrical components.
  4. Plastics and Plastic Products:
    • Why: Used across various sectors, including packaging, construction, and consumer goods manufacturing.
    • Specifics: Plastic pipes, fittings, sheets, films, and various finished plastic articles.
  5. Furniture, Lighting, and Prefabricated Buildings:
    • Why: Driven by ongoing construction activities, both residential and commercial, and the development of new urban areas.
    • Specifics: Home and office furniture, lighting fixtures, and components for prefabricated structures.

II. High Potential Growth Areas (Leverage Development Priorities)

Tajikistan’s development goals and current economic structure indicate strong future demand in these areas:

  1. Construction Materials:
    • Why: Tajikistan is undertaking significant infrastructure projects (roads, housing, energy, especially the Roghun Dam), and its domestic capacity for construction materials is limited. Turkish companies have a strong track record in the contracting sector in Tajikistan.
    • Specifics: Iron and steel articles (rebar, structural steel), ceramic products (tiles, sanitary ware), glass and glassware, cement, plaster, and stone.
  2. Pharmaceutical Products:
    • Why: Tajikistan’s healthcare sector is undergoing development, and there’s a constant need for a wide range of medicines and medical supplies. Turkey is a robust producer of generic and branded pharmaceuticals.
    • Specifics: Packaged medicaments, bandages, medical consumables, and potentially some basic medical equipment.
  3. Food Products and Agricultural Inputs:
    • Why: Tajikistan imports a significant portion of its food needs, and there’s a push to modernize its agriculture.
    • Specifics:
      • Processed Foods: Confectionery, canned goods, dried fruits, nuts, and various packaged food preparations.
      • Fresh Produce: Citrus fruits, other fruits and vegetables depending on seasonality and local production gaps.
      • Agricultural Machinery & Equipment: Small-scale farming equipment, irrigation systems, and agricultural processing machinery.
      • Fertilizers and Pesticides: To improve agricultural productivity.
  4. Vehicles and Parts:
    • Why: As the economy grows and transportation infrastructure improves, demand for both passenger and commercial vehicles, along with their parts, will increase.
  5. Miscellaneous Chemical Products & Cosmetics/Toiletries:
    • Why: Growing consumer markets and industrial needs.
    • Specifics: Soaps, lubricants, waxes, perfumes, cosmetics, and various industrial chemical products.

III. Niche or Emerging Opportunities

  • Defense Industry Products: Tajikistan recently ratified a military assistance agreement with Turkey, specifically mentioning potential purchases of “weapons, ammunition, UAVs and modern devices.” This opens a new avenue for defense exports, particularly drones (like the Bayraktar TB2), armored vehicles, and other military equipment where Turkey has become a global player.
  • Renewable Energy Technologies: Tajikistan has enormous hydropower potential and is focusing on developing its energy sector. Turkish expertise in renewable energy, especially in equipment and project development, could be valuable.
  • Digitalization and IT Services: As Tajikistan aims to digitalize its economy and public services (“single window” initiatives), Turkish IT solutions and software could find a market.

Factors Favoring Turkish Exports to Tajikistan

  • Strong Bilateral Relations: Over 30 treaties and protocols underpin cooperation, fostering a supportive environment for trade and investment.
  • Geographic Proximity and Connectivity: While not bordering, the Central Asian corridor via the Caspian Sea facilitates trade.
  • Cultural Affinity: Shared historical and cultural ties often lead to a preference for Turkish goods.
  • Turkish Contracting Sector Presence: Turkish companies have undertaken significant construction projects ($659 million across 52 projects), which creates a natural demand for Turkish-made materials and equipment.
  • Turkish Investment: Over $285 million in Turkish capital has been invested in Tajikistan, stimulating demand for Turkish goods within these ventures.

To succeed, Turkish exporters should focus on competitive pricing, reliable logistics, adherence to quality standards, and building strong business relationships in Tajikistan. Understanding local regulations and the predominantly state-driven nature of the economy is also crucial. Sources

Which Countries Should be Targeted by Export from Turkey?

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Turkey’s export strategy is multifaceted, targeting both established markets and emerging economies. To identify which countries should be targeted, it’s essential to consider several factors:

I. Top Existing Export Markets (Maintain and Grow)

These are countries where Turkey already has a strong foothold and significant trade volume. Continued focus on these markets is crucial for stable export growth.

  • Germany: Consistently Turkey’s largest export market, particularly for automotive products, machinery, electronics, and textiles. Strong established supply chains and a large Turkish diaspora contribute to this.
  • United States: A major market for Turkish automotive, textile, electronic products, and defense industry goods. Its large market size offers continuous growth potential.
  • United Kingdom: Strong trade relations, especially post-Brexit, for Turkish textiles, automotive, and electronic devices.
  • Iraq: A significant market in the Middle East, primarily for construction materials, textiles, and food. Strategic importance for opening up the broader Middle Eastern market.
  • Italy: Another strong European partner for automotive, machinery, chemical, and food products.

II. Countries with High Growth Potential and Strategic Importance

These are markets where Turkey is actively seeking to expand its presence due to their economic growth, strategic location, or increasing demand for Turkish products.

  • Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan):
    • Reasoning: Deep historical and cultural ties, growing economies, significant infrastructure development, and increasing consumer demand. Turkey has preferential trade agreements and targets to significantly increase trade volumes with these countries (e.g., $5 billion with Uzbekistan, $10 billion with Kazakhstan).
    • Key Products: Machinery and equipment, construction materials, textiles, electrical equipment, food products, and pharmaceuticals.
  • Africa (Egypt, Morocco, Libya, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, Ghana, Senegal):
    • Reasoning: Turkey has a “win-win” strategy to strengthen political, cultural, and economic relations with African countries through mutual investments. Rapidly growing economies, increasing demand for consumer goods, infrastructure development, and a strong focus on defense industry exports.
    • Key Products: Machinery, mechanical equipment and tools, mineral fuels, iron and steel, textiles, electronics, home appliances, construction materials, and defense industry products (UCAVs, armored vehicles).
  • Gulf Countries (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait):
    • Reasoning: High purchasing power, diversification efforts away from oil, and increasing demand for consumer goods, construction materials, and specialized industrial products. Turkey is also focusing on e-export potential to these countries.
    • Key Products: Precious metals (gold), machinery, construction materials, food products, and potentially high-tech goods.
  • Russia: Despite geopolitical complexities, Russia remains a significant trade partner for Turkey, especially for agricultural products and machinery. There’s potential for further growth in various sectors.
  • China: While China is a major import source for Turkey, there’s growing potential for Turkish exports to China, particularly in areas where Turkey has a competitive advantage, such as certain agricultural products, and potentially in services.
  • Emerging Asian Markets (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan):
    • Reasoning: Promising markets for Turkish manufacturers, with “smooth, friendly, problem-free political relations.” These countries need hardware and have a growing middle class.
    • Key Products: Defense and aerospace industries, naval vessels, patrol boats, smart ammunition, drones, armored vehicles, and potentially construction materials.
  • Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile: Growing economies in Latin America offer long-term export potential for Turkish goods, especially as Turkey diversifies its export base.
  • Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines): Growing consumer markets and developing industrial bases.

III. Sectors with Strong Turkish Export Competitiveness

When targeting countries, it’s also vital to consider what Turkey excels at producing and exporting:

  • Automobiles and Automotive Parts: Turkey is a major production hub for global automotive brands.
  • Machinery and Equipment: Including industrial equipment, construction machinery, and agricultural machinery.
  • Textiles and Apparel: High-quality, fast-fashion, and sustainable options.
  • Precious Metals (Gold): Turkey is a key trading hub.
  • Electrical Machinery and Electronics: Home appliances, telecommunications equipment, and consumer electronics.
  • Steel and Iron: Construction steel, rebar, and billets.
  • Chemical and Pharmaceutical Products:
  • Agricultural and Food Processing Products: Fresh vegetables, nuts, dried fruits, olive oil, spices, wheat flours, and citrus fruits.
  • Wood and Furniture Products: Growing production capacity and design.
  • Defense and Aerospace: Drones, armored vehicles, and naval vessels.

Overall Strategy

Turkey’s export strategy involves:

  1. Consolidating relations with established partners (EU, USA, UK).
  2. Aggressively pursuing opportunities in high-growth emerging markets (Central Asia, Africa, Gulf, parts of Asia and Latin America).
  3. Diversifying export products to higher value-added goods and services.
  4. Leveraging trade agreements (like the PTA with Uzbekistan) to enhance competitiveness.
  5. Focusing on e-exports, which are seeing significant growth.
  6. Participating in international fairs and trade delegations to foster new connections.

In summary, Turkey should continue to strengthen its trade ties with its traditional European and North American partners while strategically expanding its presence in the rapidly developing economies of Central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, focusing on its strong manufacturing and agricultural sectors.

What is the Best Offer of Import from Turkey to Uzbekistan?

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Uzbekistan is a key strategic partner for Turkey in Central Asia, and there’s significant potential for increasing imports from Turkey across a wide range of sectors. The “best offer” for import from Turkey to Uzbekistan isn’t a single product, but rather a combination of factors driven by Uzbekistan’s economic development, consumer demand, and existing trade patterns.

Here’s a breakdown of the best import offers from Turkey to Uzbekistan, considering current trends and future potential:

1. Machinery and Equipment (Industrial and Agricultural)

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: This is consistently the largest and most valuable import category for Uzbekistan from Turkey. Uzbekistan is undergoing significant industrialization and infrastructure development, which drives high demand for machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers, and electrical equipment. This includes equipment for manufacturing, power generation, and various industries.

  • Specific opportunities:
    • Construction Machinery: As infrastructure projects (roads, housing, industrial zones) continue, demand for Turkish construction machinery remains strong.
    • Textile Machinery: Uzbekistan is a major cotton producer and aims to increase its textile processing capabilities.2 Turkish textile machinery, known for its quality and efficiency, is highly sought after.
    • Agricultural Machinery: Modernizing the agricultural sector is a priority for Uzbekistan, creating demand for irrigation systems, tractors, and other farm equipment.
    • Food Processing Machinery: As Uzbekistan seeks to add value to its agricultural output, Turkish food processing and packaging machinery is in high demand.

2. Finished Textile Products and Apparel

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: Turkish textiles and apparel are highly regarded in Uzbekistan for their quality, design, and competitive pricing. Despite Uzbekistan’s own textile industry, there’s strong consumer demand for Turkish fashion, home textiles, and ready-to-wear clothing.
  • Specific opportunities:
    • Ready-to-Wear (RTW) Clothing: Dresses, suits, casual wear, and sportswear for men, women, and children.
    • Home Textiles: Bedding, towels, curtains, carpets, and other textile floor coverings.
    • Hosiery: Socks, stockings, and other knitted apparel.
    • Specialized Fabrics: Materials for specific industrial or fashion needs.

3. Plastics and Plastic Products

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: Uzbekistan’s growing manufacturing sector and increasing consumer goods production lead to high demand for various plastic raw materials and finished plastic products.
  • Specific opportunities:
    • Plastic Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings: For construction, irrigation, and industrial applications.
    • Packaging Materials: For food, beverages, and other consumer goods.
    • Plastic Housewares and Consumer Goods

4. Building Materials and Related Products

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: Uzbekistan’s ongoing construction boom (residential, commercial, and industrial) creates continuous demand for a wide array of building materials.4
  • Specific opportunities:
    • Iron and Steel Articles: Reinforcement bars, structural components, and various fabricated metal products.
    • Ceramic Products: Tiles, sanitary ware.
    • Glass and Glassware: For windows, facades, and interior applications.
    • Cement, Plaster, Stone: Basic construction materials.
    • Furniture, Lighting, Prefabricated Buildings: For new constructions and interior outfitting.

5. Pharmaceutical Products

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: Uzbekistan is investing in its healthcare sector and has a constant need for a diverse range of pharmaceutical products. Turkey is a significant exporter of medicines and medical supplies.

  • Specific opportunities:
    • Packaged Medicaments: Various types of finished pharmaceutical products.7
    • Medical Devices and Consumables

6. Food Products

  • Why it’s a “best offer”: While Uzbekistan has a strong agricultural base, there’s demand for certain Turkish food products, especially processed foods and specific fresh produce not readily available or competitive locally.
  • Specific opportunities:
    • Citrus Fruits: Oranges, mandarins, lemons.
    • Processed Foods: Confectionery, canned goods, dried fruits, nuts, and some dairy products.
    • Animal Feed Additives: As seen in recent import data, specialized feed additives are imported.

Factors Enhancing the “Best Offer” Status

  • Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA): The PTA between Turkey and Uzbekistan, which entered into force in February 2023, significantly reduces or eliminates tariffs on specific goods for both sides.8 This makes Turkish products more competitive in the Uzbek market.
  • Strong Bilateral Ties: Both countries have a shared commitment to increasing trade volume, with a target of reaching $5 billion.9 This political will creates a supportive environment for business.
  • Logistics and Connectivity: Improved transportation links, including road and rail routes through the Caspian Sea, facilitate smoother trade flows.10
  • Turkish Investment in Uzbekistan: The presence of nearly 1,900 Turkish companies and significant investments in Uzbekistan (totaling $5.6 billion) creates a natural demand for Turkish-made goods and services within their projects.11

To identify the absolute “best offer” for a specific business, it’s crucial to conduct detailed market research, analyze current demand, understand local regulations, and consider logistics and competition.

However, the categories listed above represent the most promising areas for Turkish exporters looking to enter or expand in the Uzbek market.

For more information about international markets, export tendencies and recommendations, deep analysis of trading opportunities, please feel free to contact us.

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